Prospects of Utilization of Solar Energy For Thermal Desalination Dissertation

Possibilities of Utilization of Solar Energy For Thermal Desalination Technologies in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The paper depicts about the ebb and flow situation about water assets in Saudi Arabia and how existing interest flexibly holes can be loaded up with the utilization of warm desalination innovation in the years to come. Presentation The total populace remembering the populace for Saudi Arabia is developing at a fast pace. The set up and known stores of non-renewable energy source is draining quick. It has been basic with respect to researcher and architects to consider interchange wellsprings of vitality to fulfill the expanding need. With the rising populace request of water is expanding as well. Saudi Arabia has no normal wellsprings of water flexibly aside from the water put away in springs. Thus, the Saudi Arabia has attempted a few ventures for the advancement of sustainable wellsprings of vitality. This investigation investigates the chance of outfitting sun powered vitality with the end goal of desalination of water in Saudi Arabia. Radiation Measurement in Saudi Arabia Accordi ng to one research report, the normal sun oriented radiation in Saudi Arabia is seen as 5591 Watt hour on unit square meter zone. The information gathered are from 41 stations in the time of 10 years. (Mohandas et al, 1999) The sun based radiation estimation in Saudi Arabia is presently accessible for 10 significant towns to be specific Tabuk, Al-Ula, Unayxah, Shaqra, Dawdami, Yabrin, Turabah, Heifa, Kwash, and Najran. In spite of the fact that all the areas offer promising sun powered radiation however the territory of Najran is seen as the best. The strategy utilized is called spiral premise work neural systems. (Mohandas et al, 1999) Solar vitality and span of daylight isn't the equivalent consistently. According to the Solar Radiation Atlas the radiation is seen as in the scope of 4.1 and 6.7 kilowatt-hour/sq. meter/day. (Alnaser et al., 2004) An Overview of Desalination Process in Saudi Arabia The ebb and flow piece of the pie of the Saudi Arabia in the creation of desalinated water is around 30 percent when seen concerning the worldwide limit introduced. In most recent 80 years the Saudi Arabia has spent nearly $25 billion on building and working desalination plants. The realm currently has 30 desalination units and the nation has more than quadrupled its food creation. It tends to be said that Saudi Arabia has transformed into a cutting edge country over the most recent 25 years. An in excess of 50 percent water need of an inhabitant in any city of the realm is met through Desalinated innovation. (Water Demand, 2010) Supply and Demand Scenario of Water in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is for the most part desert region without any lakes or waterways. Saudi has constrained water assets. The groundwater, put away in a few springs the nation over, is the fundamental source that fulfills over 90% of its water request. Accessible Water Resources in Saudi Arabia, 2010 Source of Water In Million Cubic Meters Surface water (Renewable) 5000 (2230 accessible for use) Groundwater assets 2,269,000 (84,000 inexhaustible water in shallow springs) Groundwater revive (Renewable) 3,958 (1,196 in shallow springs and 2,762 in profound springs) Desalination 1050 Treated Wastewater 400 Source: http://www.miahona.com/transfer/distributions/2010_Walid_SWPF-2010_Jeddah.pdf (p 18) The administration of Saudi Arabia has been putting forth incredible attempts to make sure about the water supplies for all reasons; some of them incorporate, for example, dams, dissemination frameworks, wastewater assortment and treatment offices in many urban communities and towns of the realm alongside huge ocean

Olds’ Effective Use of Linking Devices in The Elder Sister :: essays research papers

When composing verse, there are numerous distinct strategies a creator may utilize to impart a thought or idea to their crowd. One of the more compelling strategies that creators regularly use is connecting gadgets, for example, representations and likenesses. All through â€Å"The Elder Sister,† Olds utilizes connecting gadgets adequately from numerous points of view. A viable picture Olds utilizes is that of â€Å"the weight of Mother’s muscles on her brain,† (5) giving a connect to the mother’s desires for her youngsters. She additionally utilizes pictures of water and smoothness to exhibit the characteristic movement of a youngster into womanhood. Another picture is that of the speaker’s senior sister as a figurative shield, the person who shielded her from the psychological strain delivered by their mom. Old’s illustration of â€Å"the weight of Mother’s muscles on her brain,† (5) thinks about the exacting weight of the mother’s muscles during labor to the psychological strain that a youngster can suffer from their parent’s desires for their kids. This is a compelling allegory in that the two implications can cause some type of strain, either physical of mental, on the little girl. Additionally, in the two cases, this torment is brought about by the speaker’s mother and dispensed on the oldest girl. The third comparability between the two is that both are somehow or another decreasing the impact on the more youthful sister. On account of labor, the primary birth is typically more troublesome than each progressive birth. In the feeling of the Mother’s desires for her little girls, the oldest kid frequently gets the brunt of the parent’s vicarious yearnings, in this way making it simpler for the more youthful youngsters to satisfy them. Since these connected implications share these attributes, Olds’ representation is compelling. Another connecting gadget that is utilized adequately is the analogy connecting a young lady transitioning and creating bosoms to a swan emerging from a lake. These two substances are connected in that both ascent gradually after some time. At the point when a swan stirs, it gradually raises its head from its body, in a similar design that the bosoms of a lady raise from her chest when she grows up. The two are likewise comparative in shading, as a swan’s down is white or pale cream hued and skin that has not been obscured by the sun is regularly extremely pale. The third comparability in the two substances is the surface. Both the down quills of a swan and the skin of a woman’s bosom are delicate and smooth to the touch.

Evaluation of Argument in Support of Traditional Marriages - 275 Words

Evaluation of the Argument in Support of the Traditional Marriages (Essay Sample) Content: Philosophy: Informal logicNameUniversityCourseTutorDatePhilosophy: Informal LogicIntroductionThe institution of marriage has been in existence since the existence of mankind and in recent times there has been a debate on whether the government should define marriage. Traditionally, this institution has been defined as a union involving two consenting adults of the opposite sex. However, in recent times, there has been a campaign to redefine the institution of marriage in the sense of leaving it liberal in terms of the gender of the consenting adults. In other words, marriage should no longer be a union of consenting adults of the opposite sex but a union of consenting adults regardless of their gender.Thesis StatementThough there has not been a ban on same sex marriage in the US, it has not been recognized by the government. It is on this basis that the government should redefine the institution of marriage and in the process legalize same sex marriage. Society evolve s and so does cultural practices, the American society should not be restricted to adopt new culture and values simply because a section of the society feels that doing so, is against the American traditional practices. Additionally, recognition of same sex marriage does not pose any threat to the society in terms of procreation and religious liberties. This essay will evaluate the arguments fronted in support of traditional marriages and also offer counter arguments to the reasons given in support of traditional marriage.Evaluation of the Argument in Support of the Traditional MarriagesAnderson (2013) addresses the issues of the institution of marriage as has traditionally existed. Traditionally, marriage has been defined as the union of two consenting adults of the opposite sex. He fears that this traditional view of marriage is under threat as the Supreme Court is about to determine the constitutionality of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and Californias Proposition 8. In his view, it is up to the citizens and their elected officials to formulate marriage policy and not either t he government or the courts. He states that allowing the government and private citizens to redefine the institution of marriage is tantamount to introducing a new civil right. Anderson believes that there is no need to change the status quo since there has not been any existing ban on same sex marriage in the US and what has been in contention is whether same sex marriage should be recognized by the government. He argues that recognition by the government of same sex marriages has the potential of coercing or compelling other citizens and religious bodies to also recognize same sex marriages which is against the constitution.According to history, the foundation of marriage has been sexual complementarities and as such marriage equality does not apply. He further argues that marriage is based on the biological fact that reproduction can only exist through union of people of the opposite sex. Furthermore, he states that children need a mother and a father and that social science has proved that children perform better when raised by their mother and father. He also states that marriage institution benefits public good by ensuring well-being of future citizens and continuity of the human race. Traditional marriage has been supported by various religious doctrines as well as various Greek and Roman thinkers of whom most were philosophers. In recent times, marriage has been weakened by the perception that marriage is all about adult desires rather than childrens needs and interests. Redefining marriage by the government would reduce it to an emotional bond rather than an institution. He concludes by stating that institutions exist to limit the state and its power and thus marriage as an institution exists to limit the states interference with procreative love, childbearing and childrearing (Anderson, 2013).The argument has an inductive component where t he author uses historical philosophies and religious beliefs to support his argument of supporting traditional marriage. He states that since society has always perceived the institution of marriage as involving a man and a woman, the status quo should remain as such. He also states that marriage exists with sole intention of procreation and for that requires consenting adults of opposite sex. This component is weak since it ignores the fact that society has been changing over the years and marriage is one of those practices that continues to evolve. He even contradicts himself when he states that the government should not dictate to consenting adults on who to love. When one uses this argument, then the government has no business in dictating that marriage should only be a union between two consenting adults of the opposite sex. In addition, marriage is not all about procreation as a matter of fact there are even married heterosexual couples who have no intention of getting childre n.Counter-ArgumentAccording to Friedman (2013), couples in the same sex marriage have used alternative methods to bear and raise children. Some have chosen to adopt children; others have used surrogate mothers to get children. Therefore, humanity is not under threat as argued by Anderson since even in the same marriage, procreation is still happening albeit not as traditional as has been in the past. Denying gay couples the recognition of marriage on the basis of reproduction is not convincing since as shown above, the same can still happen in a same sex arrangement, furthermore, even in the heterosexual marriages, there are couples who cannot biologically reproduce and therefore using the strict meaning of reproduction, they ought not to be formally recognized as married according to Andersons argument.There should not be there any fear by the religious bodies on being compelled to recognize same sex marriages against their will as argued by Anderson. According to Severino (2011), religious institutions are protected by the First Amendment in the Free Exercise Clause which prohibits the government to target religious institutions for their stands agains...

Organized Crime Related Deaths / Murders - 898 Words

The first presenter began by explaining that while organized crime has been problematic for some time, the number of organized crime related deaths/murders has been on a steady rise. As the presenter further illustrates, in 2001, it was around 1,000. By 2008, the number had its first big jump, however, in 2010, the number had skyrocketed to over 34,000! However, the death, or capture of cartel leaders is not the solution and has led to two large cycles of violence. Most of the crime can be broken down into seven basic conflicts, as illustrated in a chart. 1. The Pacifico Cartel vs. Tijuana cartel which is is located in Baja, California. 2. The Pacifico Cartel vs. Juarez Cartel, which affects the areas of Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Durango. 3. The Pacifico Cartel vs Beltran Leyva Organization located in Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Durango. 4. Jalisco Cartel Vs Nueva Generacion, located in Coloma and Jalisco. 5. Cartel pacific Sur vs â€Å"La Barbie† cart el, which is distributed through Districto Federal, Estato De Mexico, Guerro and Morelos. 6. Golfo Cartel Vs Zetas, located in Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. And finally, 7. La Famllia Michoacà ¡na vs Zetas, which is located in Guanajuato, Estato De Mexico and Michoacà ¡n. Furthermore, most of these conflicts vary in level of violence. Old conflicts are typically less violence but some of the newer cartels, desperate to set their turf, have escalated in violence. As to be expected, the more violent cartels containShow MoreRelatedMass Murderers Should Be Punished For Killing1520 Words   |  7 PagesMass Murder Mass Murderers are a menace to society that should be locked up, behind bars for life. Although mass murderers are horrible human beings, they still have the right to live, same as any other human being. There are two types of mass murderer: organized and unorganized. 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Pittsburgh Music History - 1449 Words

Throughout Pittsburgh history, the area has produced many acclaimed musicians and music organizations that have created music that has been enjoyed across America. Pittsburgh is a city of music with a history in Jazz, Classical, Pop, Doo-Wop, Rock, and most currently Rap. Many of Pittsburgh’s old musicians are award winning performers and song writers who have sold millions of records. Their music can now be heard on movies, TV, and even Broadway shows. These famous artists would be nothing without their teachers, producers, music promoters, managers, and radio personalities. This essay will take a look back into the roots of Pittsburgh to examine its historical and cultural music background. The music legacy of Pittsburgh began back in†¦show more content†¦In the 1840’s Pittsburgh’s growing working class wanted more entertainment. To meet this demand there was an increase in construction of new music halls over the next two decades. The new theaters included the Melodeon Theatre, Lafayette Hall, Foster’s Gaieties, Trimble’s Variety, Vierheller’s Concert Garden, Wilkens Hall, Sefton’s Opera House, The Pittsburgh Opera House, the Academy of Music, the new Masonic Hall, and the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon that launched the career of Stephen Foster. It all began with Stephen Foster. His songs Oh! Susanna and Camptown Races remain fairly popular today. Foster is acknowledged as father of American music.† He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, and he was also inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2010. Following him in the first signs of â€Å"pop† music was Adam Wade, Vaughn Monro e, Josie Carrie, and even Chris Kirkpatrick from N’Sync. All these pop stars plus many, many more were Pittsburgh natives. A baby boomer generation of rock artists emerged from Pittsburgh during the 1960s and 1980s. 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Management and Leadership Work Health and Safety Act

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Leadershipfor Work Health and Safety Act. Answer: Introduction The industry that is considered in this assignment is the retail organization, where people can easily select products of their choice and purchase from a wide variety of products. The name of the retail store is "Pick--Buy Retail, and the entire assessment will be discussed in the context of the retail manager. The mission of this organization is to fulfill the demand of community and to be the best retailer for every age group. However, the organization visions to earn trust and loyalty from internal and external stakeholders. The team comprises of the four member- one shelf-stacker, one customer attendant, one at billing section and one at cash counter from the same organization. Customer Service Expectation The prime objective of this retail is to provide a safe workplace according to the Work Health and Safety Policy and intends to follow Work Health and Safety Act 2011(ACT)[1]. The organization also fulfills ethical consideration like equal/fair pay to all the employees irrespective of their diverse gender, culture and tradition[2]. The Pick--Buy Retail also empowers women in their workplace. The organizations values can also be depicted from their ethics to serve accurate products mentioning the exact composition that is mentioned on the products details[3]. This also motivates the customer that the organizations where they are working are heading ethically and surely will attain customers trust. Building Trust The trust among the team member can be ensured of effective measures can be taken for their development that comprises of following steps: Image 1: Team development factors The managing authority f the organization is responsible for illustrating organizational goals and objectives and can measure the efficiency through some metrics like customer retention rate, customer retention and employee engagement Index[4]. Regular meetings or training also helps in building trust and discussing trust related issues and ask them for the solution can enhance the feeling of decision-making authority. Rewarding them on their achievement and open culture of the organization, on the other hand, will encourage them to work efficiently[5]. Encouraging and Motivating the Team Pick--Buy Retail not only provides a safe workplace but they will also offer opportunities for self-development on performing challenging job roles and responsibility. The concerned retail organization also emphasizes on setting clear goals. The manager is also liable to take the failures of their team members positively and should listen to every concern of their team member and discuss the business approaches. Risk Identification In the retail industry, conflict among the team member is a common risk and this can be reduced by hosting regular meetings and informal gatherings like dinner parties and outings[6]. This will help the team member to build a bond of trust and understandability among them and they can work collaboratively to accomplishing the business goals. Moreover, gaining favoritism of the managing authority of the organization or the rival organization can also be a risk6. In the former scenario, the manager can provide a high designation to the favored person; while, in the latter case, the person will disclose all the detail to the rival company. This can be reduced if the employees are treated well and provided opportunity solely based on their skills. Role of a Team Leader Providing proper instruction to each team member regarding their job responsibility Offering training for developing the skills and knowledge of the team-member Formulation of appraisals and rewards to efficient employee on meeting Helping the team member if they are facing some difficulty Open communication with the team members and conduct regular meeting Avoiding conflict among the team member Improving the Work Culture of an Organization Inviting new ideas and accept mistakes- Considering the employee as important assets and ask them for new ideas for the betterment of the organization will motivate team-member. The organization should encourage the employee to try new things and welcome the outcome even if those efforts are unsuccessful. Encouraging work-life balance- Provision of flexible working hours, paid vacations, other allowance like child education and transport will allow the employee to meet their personal commitment along with their employment. Ensuring the Trust of the Team Establishing and maintenance of truthfulness among team member Regular communicating the vision and values with team member without hiding any details and information Valuing all the employee with equal preference Focusing on shared goals Implementation of new ideas regardless of personal risk Reference List Azizul Islam M, Jain A. Workplace human rights reporting: a study of Australian garment and retail companies. Australian accounting review. 2013 Jun 1;23(2):102-16. Bayraktar CA, Araci O, Karacay G, Calisir F. The mediating effect of rewarding on the relationship between employee involvement and job satisfaction. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries. 2016 Sep 1. Cho R, Kramer A. Everything You Need to Know about the Equal Pay Act. Re: gender. 2013. Cummings TG, Worley CG. Organization development and change. Cengage learning; 2014. Harter JK, Schmidt FL, Killham EA, Asplund JW. The relationship between engagement at work and organizational outcomes. Gallup Poll Consulting University Press, Washington. 2013 Feb. Scollo M, Bayly M, Wakefield M. Availability of illicit tobacco in small retail outlets before and after the implementation of Australian plain packaging legislation. Tobacco control. 2015 Mar 1;24(e1):e45-51.

Paliamentary Procedure Essays - Parliamentary Procedure, Elections

Paliamentary Procedure Parliamentary Procedure Meetings overseen by an elected chairman Chairman responsible for keeping general order of meetings and collecting and counting closed or secret ballot votes Chairman can or can not be a voting member of the board The discussion can be an open discussion or members must wait to speak until recognized by the chairman 1. A member of the board calls a particular subject in question to a vote 2. The initial call to vote needs to be supported by another member of the board in the form of a verbal second. 3. If the call to vote is seconded then the chairman announces that the vote in question has been seconded and that the board as a whole will vote on whether to vote on the subject in question or to continue discussion on the topic. 4. The sequence of voting events is as follows: The first vote is a verbal vote, all in favor of the topic at hand say I, all those apposed say ney. If a decision is not easily made due to the first vote than one of two things may occur: 1. The chairman may conduct the same vote but ask that the board members raise their hand for their appropriate vote and count hands or, 2. The chairman passes out blank slips of paper and a silent closed vote is collected and tallied immediately with the results announced promptly afterward. ( the decision of this vote can be made due to a majority, ?, or unanimous vote decision making process) If the board decides to not vote then the table is reopened for discussion If the board decides to put the subject at question to a final vote then the voting rules as stated above(#4) are implemented and or variations as necessary( ex. A subject of extreme importance or a personal issue might go straight to a silent, closed vote due to a request etc.) If the vote does not pass it is considered dead and is unable to be brought up in a board meeting discussion for an allotted amount of time (ex. 4 months) unless it meets certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous agreement to open up subject to board meeting discussions) If the vote does pass then it is implemented immediately or at the soonest time required for it to be completely implemented. The implemented vote can be amended and/or overturned due to certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous decision to amend or overturn previous decision) Government Essays

The Problem with Legalizing Illicit Drugs essays

The Problem with Legalizing Illicit Drugs essays The topic of drug abuse is something everyone is familiar with. It exists in cities all over the world. In 2010, drug related deaths were estimated to be between 99,000 to 230,000 people. Although not everyone may have a close friend or relative who is or has been addicted to drugs, it is a problem that we are all aware of. Many believe that legalizing drugs in the United States would help control the problem. However, legalizing drugs will only aid in death, crime, and destruction of our society. Drugs affect different people in different ways. Not every person has the same personality type, background, or family situation. Therefore, there is no one answer as to why people begin to use drugs. Some may start to use drugs as a result of death, divorce, depression, or sheer curiosity. Whatever the reason, many people become addicted to drugs and destroy their lives as well as the lives of those who surround them. Legalizing drugs will only help to ensure those who are addicted that this behavior is accepted because there would be no legal punishment to be concerned about. Depending on the person, when an individual is taken under arrest for a drug related charge, it can cause a realization that this behavior is unacceptable and can have serious consequences. If someone causes a car accident and kills a child because they were intoxicated, can we say that this person should not be punished because the drug they were using is legal? Would the mother of this child feel that no punishment is necessary? The answer to both questions is no. The accident most likely would have been avoided had the person not been under the influence of drugs that had obviously impaired their judgment. An innocent person should never have to suffer the consequences of another person's drug use. The side effects of drugs are endless. They range from nausea, impaired vision/speech, loss of consciousness, and so on. But, what about the so-called minor sid...

Performance of Fresh And Hardened Concrete Essay

Performance of Fresh And Hardened Concrete - Essay Example The researcher states that today there is an increasing trend for using recycled materials to create new concrete in order to increase sustainability and decrease costs among other factors. The effects of the recycled aggregates on the created concrete can be minimal to significant depending on a host of factors. The properties of concrete are affected both in the fresh state and in the hardened state and so there is great need to understand how the use of recycled aggregates affects concrete. The various kinds of recycled aggregates in use include recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), recycled wash glass sand, recycled rubber tyres and others. This text will attempt to analyse the effects of recycled aggregates on the fresh properties of concrete and on the properties of hardened concrete. Based on the investigations and results presented above it is obvious that the addition of recycled aggregates affects the properties of concrete significantly. The inclusion of recycled aggregates t o concrete helps to increase the sustainability and reduce the cost of the build but compromises on the strength achieved. Therefore concrete created with these methods can be utilised for less demanding tasks that require lower loading. In some cases however, the addition of aggregates has helped improve some of concrete’s abilities especially fresh concrete’s workability and other properties. More investigation into creating concrete with the inclusion of aggregates can help to boost sustainability and decrease costs further.

Ecological crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ecological crisis - Research Paper Example countries have on the other hand been transferring multinational companies to these countries because of the availability of cheap labor and resources (Dean 2005). This paper therefore will discuss the environmental crisis of Capital vs. Nature appropriation facing Latin America. This will be important in coming up with the possible solutions to the crisis. The history of environmental crisis facing Latin America dates back to the days that economy of United States became developed. United States enacted different laws that were aimed at guarding its natural resources from exploitation by multinational companies. As a result, multinational companies were forced to look for countries where laws were friendly to their activities. At that time, Latin America was facing political upheavals therefore; the countries had no stable laws. This saw mass investment being taken to these countries (Catro 1997). With economies of countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Columbia growing tremendously the previous companies and other mushrooming companies have put a strain on natural resources while at the same time the these countries are in need of capital and labor to sustain the growing population (Roberts 2003) Currently, little has been done to reverse the condition with the impact of degradation of the environment in these countries affecting the whole world. Different summits have been held in these countries with the latest being the UN summit on environmental protection (Rio+20) which was held in Brazil. I believe that the solution to this crisis can be achieved by these countries themselves. These countries need to enforce laws that will force the companies to comply with the set measures aimed at improving the environment. In addition, more campaigns need to be conducted in order to sensitize the general public on the importance of taking the appropriate measures in protecting the environment (Dià ¡z 2005). In addition, this region needs to set up a specific

Week 6 DQ 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 DQ 1 - Assignment Example In individual communication, the initial sender of the message is most commonly a singular entity, with the recipients being either in plural or in a limited number. Communicating with an individual is rather direct since the use of non-verbal communication cues are evident, where the individual’s shift in position can easily be noted (Baack 64). Such responses are easy to monitor in the case that the communication is directed to an individual. This is even better enhanced when it comes to feedback and its analysis. On the other hand, group communication is limited in quality by the number of singular individuals involved since they are limited in terms of response analysis and real-time reaction to such feedback from the recipients of the message. Group communication is additionally limited by the group state of mind that is imposed on the group by the environment, and thus the message and feedback cannot be handled as efficiently as on an individual

Gender and Gender Relations in Manga and Anime Essay -- Men Women Humo

Manga and Anime, as inviting and open as they may seem, are at heart the products of Japan's culture. Despite its technological advancement, Japan somehow manages to retain much of its historical character, in addition to blending in the overwhelming influences of the West. The Japanese treatment of gender and gender relations has taken many turns over the last millennium, and manga and anime reflect those changes. Still, at the core of the culture lies certain fundamental beliefs that are proving difficult to change. Recently, too, there is growing controversy over gender roles in Japan. An American friend recently complained bitterly over the pervasiveness of sadistic, (heterosexual) male-oriented Japanese pornography in Japan. She says that the message that women are sexual objects has become almost epidemic in Japanese culture, and that male chauvenism is everywhere. Many career women in Japan seem to be so disgusted with things that they refuse to marry. And too many men are expected to sacrifice themselves to their jobs, to the point of having no family involvement. When a man retires, he sometimes becomes trapped in a family he doesn't know, with nothing to do, and he tends to die soon after from his sudden lack of purpose. I am not an expert in this topic; however, maybe I can provide some insight into Japanese culture and its reflection in manga, as well as some recent trends in manga. I am writing, by the way, from the point of view that individuality is more important than one's gender --- and hence to stereotype genders and to force people to conform to those stereotypes is not a good thing. I personally think we'd all be better off if each of us picked up the stereotypical strengths of both genders, if, say, men w... ...s, it seems, is to make Ranma prove that he loves her. (In Takahashi's Urusei Yatsura series, Lum would make herself bait in order to watch Moroboshi come rescue her --- proof to her that he did love her). However, unlike a truly helpless heroine, over and over Akane must come to Ranma's rescue after he has come to hers. Without Akane's help, Ranma would have lost many of his battles, as much as he hates to admit it. Akane is a key part of a team; either person could not possibly succeed alone. (Interestingly, though, this partnership is down-played in the TV shows; it only truly shines through in Takahashi's original stories). Even in some of the more stereotyped manga, there is some partnership and friendship between the sexes. And isn't partnership --- mutual respect, caring for each other, helping each other --- the most important thing in any relationship?

Should Medicaid and HMOs Be Allowed to Join Forces

First of all what is the definition of cost efficiency and quality or improvement quality? This is mainly looked at the cost per unit of output, when it comes to health care then one must measure the cost, I believe that to have an efficient Medicaid program we must have one that has better outcome for a given level of spending, it must be assessed by comparing spending and also the outcome of Medicaid programs. Hmos has the most restrictive form of health insuarance, whereby they restrict their subscribers choices to doctors and hospital in their networks,I think if the hmos join forces it would help if at first they are given choices of at least two or three hmos to choose from ,in return this should help Medicaid /medicare patient s have a choice of choosing their provider. Alot of states have contractwithprivate insurers to enroll medicaind recipients in managed care plans, this is to help reduce the expenses and also trying to the coordination care. From different website I found out that Medicaid hmo provide solidhealthcoverage, some have motivated Medicaid plans,which in return improve the care,butin reality majority ofmedicaid HMOs do not report comprehensive performance results that tends to be campaired accress the country in return this leaves the tax payers with a lack of objectives. I think what the plans need to do is to start planning and also reporting thoroughly so as to pay a the consummers and taxpayers better. I still believe that the physicians are participating less and less when it comes to mandatory HMO program for Medicaid beneficiaries, As we know traditional medicare HMO are very similar to the medicare managed care that exsisted before..

Stereotyping of Jews Essay - 1277 Words

In life, there is a common ground on which most every person can relate. At one time or another, we have all been promoters of or victims of the unremitting nature of stereotypes. According to the Webster’s dictionary, a stereotype is defined as â€Å"a simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group.† Most stereotypes take on a negative form and are based on characteristics such as age, gender, race, status, and personal beliefs. Generally speaking, the greatest problem that arises with stereotypes is that they judge group of people by the characteristics and actions of their ancestors, rather than on an individual basis. More often than not, these assumptions will†¦show more content†¦Though not all Jews fit the descriptions mentioned above, these were the characteristics used to discriminate the Jews in the past. When looking at European history, it is easy to identify where the ster eotypes against the Jews first originated. In Medieval Europe, for instance, Jews were limited to the types of occupations they could hold. They were banned from farming and entering guilds, so many of them became merchants and money-lenders (Singer). Since both these occupations dealt with the exchange money, dealing loans, setting prices, and charging interest, people began to stereotype the Jews as scheming merchants who demanded money from their customers, but refuse to give back the money they owed to others. Since then, the Jews have been popularly characterized as â€Å"cheap† individuals. Never before in history, however, has stereotyping against the Jews reached such a climatic level than in Third Reich during World War II. As the German economy was suffering from the affects of the war, many Germans blamed the Jews for the country’s decline since the Jews held positions in finance, commerce, and the press. When Germany’s most influential leader, Adolf Hitler, came to power in the year 1934, he confirmed that the Jews were the cause of the depression within the country, proclaiming that the Jews were greedy, evil, cowardly, and corruptingShow MoreRelatedJudaism- Myths and Misconceptions1599 Words   |  7 PagesStereotyping is rampant throughout the world and people worldwide are stereotyped based on many factors. Stereotypes are generalities about a specific group of people that can be positive; however most stereotypes are distinctly negative. When a group is stereotyped, a definite and distinct set of characteristics attributed to that group of people based on a preconceived appearance of that group. 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OftentimesRead MoreI Had The Privilege Of Attending An Event Put On By The Hillel / Jewish Student Organization1415 Words   |  6 Pagesto a boarding school in Bad Nauheim, Germany so Martin could continue on with his education. After two years at the school, Martin and his family were forced to leave their home and move to Fulda Germany and live in apartments with the rest of the Jews from his town. One day while attending school, a rock went flying through the window and injured some of Martin’s fellow classmates. His teacher told the kids to run away and go home, the city was in flames. A few hours later German Nazi officers cameRead MoreI Had The Privilege Of Attending An Event Put On By The Hillel / Jewish Student Organization1415 Words   |  6 Pagesto a boarding school in Bad Nauheim, Germany so Martin could continue on with his education. 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The corruption inside the BCCI Bank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5544 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? From previous discuss, we can know that B.C.C.I is a criminal bank and did a lot of illegal activity toward their depositors. It is the largest corporate criminal enterprise ever. According to the journals by Lynne Walker on March2000, the journal stated there that the B.C.C.I criminality included: Fraud by B.C.C.I and it customers involving billions of dollars; money laundering in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas B.C.C.Is bribery of officials in most of those locations Support of terrorism Arms trafficking Sale of nuclear technologies Management of prostitution Commission and facilitation of income tax evasion Smuggling Illegal immigration Illicit purchase of banks and real estate Inside story of B.C.C.I B.C.C.I can be known as a criminal bank and even more than it. According to TIME, B.C.C.I has corporate with its secret division of the bank which known as black network and basically the function of this black network is as a global intelligence operation and a Mafia-like enforcement squad. Besides that, employee of black network consists of 1500 people and they have used multiplex spy equipment and techniques, along with bribery, extortion, kidnapping and even murder. B.C.C.I department of these services is to help drug dealing and money laundering for looting their treasury dictator. The black network deals in arms-trade and sends drug as well as gold. This black network normally works with Western and Middle Eastern intelligence agencies. In order to pay for the clandestine activities, the intelligence agency has maintained a slush-fund account which is a secret fund account. It was a outgrowth of the B.C.C.I dubious and criminal associations (Jonathan, 1991). In the early 1980s this associations began running its own drugs, weapons and currency deal. B.C.C.I maintained a good relationship with international terrorists as well. Others than that, the bank also worked closely with Israels spy agencies as well as western intelligence groups. Most of the time, B.C.C.I operates with this Israels spy in arms deal. Others than arms deal, B.C.C.I also use their intelligence to bribery the public officials around the world. Due to their intelligence, law enforcement authorities cannot control their illegal action. According to former operative call Mustafa, he is the operator of the black network in the early 1980s; he said that black network came to him while he was in school in the U.S, they spoke his language and give him money. They told him to join for the organization and they also described the organizations wealth and political power without told him what exactly the organization did. Mustafa had been went a year for training with a variety of lesson include principles of leadership as well as spycraft. After this kind of lesson, the pleasant was gone, said Mustafa. He has been participated in the operational task for first time at London. Before that, he has been trained with firearms. While during the task, he was gave a passport and identification. Upon the task, he and his peers was appointed to ship some unidentified goods. There is a lot of identification waiting for them to use and it was always been arranged. They need several of identification because the customs and immigration are strict. There are many operations waiting for Mustafa to carry for. Another operation took place in April 1989; which is a container ship from Colombia. The Pakistani customs officials have been bribes by the black network for about $100,000. They use a crane for carrying the heavy container. Forklift is no use in carry those container. The crates have been loaded aboard an unmarked jet and finally departed for Czechoslovakia. People had said that this B.C.C.I not only a full-service bank but they also like to hands-on such as shipped the goods in their own ships (Jonathan, 1991). The bank dealt smuggler in arms from many countries. This bank has helped transfer North Korean Scud-B missiles to Syria. B.C.C.I acts as an intermediary to connect the Saudi Arabia, Chine and Israel. It is because they cannot transfer goods directly through government or national bank. The black network normally follows up the recruiting and persuading. They will put money in the accounts of people that they want to seduce. They want the person to work with them. This kind of action can consider to be benign that the not hurt others. Sometimes, they will use terror tactics like kidnapping and blackmail. They terrorize people by sending someone his brothers hand with the rings on his hand. They usually targeted businessman and politicians. For this black network, it is the banks deepest secret. Someone who found talking about B.C.C.Is activities will be killed. Others than this, those who found unreliability like the high level officer case may also suffer. He has liquidated his assets and sells his house, when the black network kne w it they first killed his brother and send brigands to rape his wife. The black units mission has become the pursuit of power and influence for its owns behalf (Jonathan, 1991). Their purpose was to steal depositors of billions of dollars. B.C.C.Is corporate structure allowed the bank to operate virtually without regulation all over the world (Jonathan, 1991). This bank has many shell companies, offshore banks, branches and subsidiaries in 70 countries. The bank use unregulated Cayman Island enabled it to hide everything and quickly gained a reputation for moving money and hide it for a way. In the late of 1970s and mid- 1980s, B.C.C.I has become a magnet for doing crime such as drug money, capital-flight money as well as tax evading money and money for corrupt government officials. It was the bank that knew how to get around foreign exchange rules and falsify letters of credit in support of smuggling (Jonathan, 1991). Below are some of its activities in others country: - Panama, the bank helped Noriega loot the exchequer. The most criminal institution-B.C.C.I permits the leader to open secret offshore accounts in order to transfer those national funds into those accounts and then make to fund to become them. The accounts under the names of:- Panamanian National Guard Panamanian Defense Forces Panamanian Treasury In Iraq which during 1980s, B.C.C.I became one of the main channel for that Saddam Hussien skimmed from national oil revenue. According to investigator Jules Kroll, B.C.C.I helped the autocrat to hide that money all over the world. Image of Saddam Hussien In Guatemala, government officials said to the TIME they suspect that some of the money gone to pay bribes to smooth their crime. According to Watcher, B.C.C.I normally takes some actions to carry out its fraud. The actions for them to use were:- B.C.C.I employs the someone who be in power as nominees for B.C.C.I. B.C.C.I in fact guaranteed them to be held harml ess for any actual losses (Watcher, 2010). B.C.C.I using bank secrecy havens like Cayman Islands to avoid regulation by any single regulator of B.C.C.I. This kind of havens can permit them to transfer their assets and liabilities from bank to bank. B.C.C.I pays bribes and rebate to the agents of other banking and financial institutions to avoid problems. The more this bank channel for such money, the more funds gathering became their chief goal. From those accounts, B.C.C.I had lends a huge amount to please the government or to buy secret control of companies (Jonathan, 1991). The U.S. regulators discovered that the loans had enabled B.C.C.I to buy secret control in the three American banks which are:- First American Bankshares in Washington National Bank of Georgia Independence Bank of Encino, Calif The National Bank of Georgia and Independence Bank of Encimo, Calif were bought by Abedis front man was estimated $500 million in B.C.C.I loan. Those loans were never to be repaid. What the Abedi get in return was the ownership of the three banks mentioned in above, since he held their shares as hostage for the non-repayable loans. B.C.C.Is deposit also disappeared through black network. Basically, they use the money to pay bribes as well as conduct its weapon and currency deal. According to a former officer, this bank had bought virtual control of custom officials in port as well as terminals around the world (Jonathan, 1991). John Kerry is the first to craft for the B.C.C.Is illegal operations. He has been hindered by Justice Department from investigate the B.C.C.I. According to him, the Justice Department refused to give him any documents and has blocked a sedimentary by a key witness. But the Justice Department has denied any reluctance to investigate. Image of John Kerry In one of the most mysterious events is that the B.C.C.I bank records from Panama City relating to Noriega had disappeared. While this event occurred, it i s under guard by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). They said they had no idea about the disappeared of the documents. The Justice Department also ignored the offer from Lloyd. Lloyds of London, which is enmeshed in a racketeering lawsuit against B.C.C.I, has fruitlessly made offers to provide evidence of B.C.C.I crime such as bribery and kickbacks (Jonathan, 1991). Lloyds accuses B.C.C.I of taking part in smuggling operations and falsifying shipping document. B.C.C.I Most Criminal Activities: Money Laundering From the time of B.C.C.Is indictment on drug money laundering charge in Tampa, Florida in October, 1988. The operation most involving the B.C.C.I was a Custom job name C-Chase. According to Kerry and Brown, agents who work for this had migrates millions of dollars in U.S currency, representing the proceeds of cocaine sales. Robert Mazur, Customs agent in Tampa. He had chooses B.C.C.I as the target of the Custom money laundering. He stated that B.C.C.I bank executives volunteered methods to smooth and improve his techniques for crime-money laundering. Besides, B.C.C.I also offered to introduce Mazur to other potential customer which is rich for money laundering services. Lawyer for the B.C.C.I and the bank itself contended that the Tampa case represented an accident which is just involved in a small number of bank officers (Kerry and Brown, 1992). When the B.C.C.I pled guilty to money laundering, there was only a few of its employing had admit that they engaged in the activity. According to the Kerry and Brown, B.C.C.I seems attracted to traffickers. At first, these traffickers find international bank that are good in wire transfers, have branches in others part of the world and permit quick retrieval of funds. From the Kerry and Brown, we can found they also like to seek the bank where their law may afford large quantity in secrecy to depositors. Others than that, they also like the bank which permits nominee accounts as well as not provide for close monitoring of cross border transactions of currency movements. Beside the way that mentioned above, B.C.C.I will use some techniques to do their money laundering activity. According to Kerry and Brown, the techniques had been use by B.C.C.I were:- Use of certificate of deposits held at foreign branches to offset cash deposits made in the U.S Use technique that designed by drug traffickers known as counter-balancing loan proceeds to credit to foreign corporate bank accounts Use false names and code Counter-surveillance techniques against law enforcement B.C.C.I, the CIA and Foreign Intelligence According to the Watcher, the relationships between B.C.C.I, CIA and the members of the United States as well as foreign Intelligence Communities are very complicated. Furthermore, the key person who might determine the relationship is no longer available. Three of them were death. Those people were:- CIA former director-William Casey Image of William Joseph Casey B.C.C.I customer and Iranian arms deal- Ben Benerjee and Cyrus Hashemi. Former B.C.C.I chairman- Agha Hasan Abedi had death in Karachi 1995 due to heart attack. Finally, some of the person who partly know the truth have denied that they having memory about the events. Image of Agha Hasan Abedi However, the Subcommittee had received the documentary report which stated some additional materials. For instances:- B.C.C.I documents Testimony from B.C.C.I officials and insiders External and circumstantial historic information According to Watcher, the external and circumstantial historic information is describing contacts among the B.C.C.I and the intelligence communities. Contacts among B.C.C.I were:- Former United State intelligence officials and former head of the CIA Former as well as current foreign intelligence officials (Watcher, 2009) People who involve in covert operations on behalf of the U.S government which include Iran/ Contra affair. In addition to that, Subcommittee also received accusation of meeting between William Casey and the founded of B.C.C.I- Agha Hasan Abedi. The Subcommittee Investigation and the CIA According to Watcher, at March, 1991 cleared staff learned from Subcommittee that CIA had prepared a report about B.C.C.I criminality, therefore the staff contact to the CIAs communicate office to request a copy of the particular document- report of B.C.C.I criminality. However, the staff had been told that the document never exists but William Von Raab ensures the document exists. Again, the staff contact CIA for second time but the result get from CIA is same as first time. After that, cleared staff had requested a formal briefing from CIA about the knowledge of B.C.C.I activities; however, the CIA just provided some general information to the staff. The briefer appeared to be ignored other more important about B.C.C.I. On May 14, 1991, Senator Kerry again request for the d ocument prepared by the CIA, but no response to his request for two month, during that time is the closure of B.C.C.I globally on July, 1991. Finally, until July, 1991, CIA director Webster only replied to Kerry request. He had admitted the existence of the two documents about B.C.C.I and state the two documents is extremely sensitive and refuse to being held by. According to the Kerry, the information inside consists of:- One about startling information concern of the B.C.C.I had secretly owned First American Bank in Washington. A distribution list attached to the information indicated that CIA had communicated to the Treasury Department. After he had viewed those documents, he asked Judge Webster to declassify the incident of B.C.C.I owned the First American Bank. The incident after that had been declassified but not include others information. During the August, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence began its inspect of the CIAs relationship with B.C.C.I. they al so requested the document which is concern for the B.C.C.I (Watcher, 2009). The CIA itself began its own internal review and discovered that reports on B.C.C.I by the CIA during end of August. Any further request from others to declassify the remaining B.C.C.Is info, CIA continues to reject. Besides, CIA also does not want to permit staff to review this material. However, Acting Director Richard Kerr agreed to testify (Watcher, 2009). On October, 1991, Richard Kerr testified it- CIA-B.C.C.I relationship in open session. After the closed session, Kerry pressed again for the document and finally it was promise between Subcommittee and the CIA to send the memoranda to the Senate Intelligence Committee to permit review. Official records, According to Watcher, Federal Reserve asks CIA whether got derogatory info about Middle Eastern shareholders to buy Financial General Bankshares (FGB) -later became First American Bankshares, through Commerce and Credit American Holdings (CC AH). Unfortunately, CIA had no such info on the shareholders. According to the CIA records, they first developed information concern B.C.C.I. after learning in the early 1980s B.C.C.I, they found that this institution involve in money laundering activities. After that, when target about laundering drug money; CIA discover this bank involve in driving certain financial market, in arms trafficking, as well as in supporting international terrorism. Kerr admit that CIA used B.C.C.I for certain operations and undertaken the knowledge of any person at B.C.C.I. He had also acknowledged the CIA had made widely use of First American for various of purposes (Watcher, 2009). According to Watcher, he said that Kerr mentioned that is a few things that CIA did not do. CIA had not been involved in:- B.C.C.I black network of thugs and assassins Knowledge of any use of B.C.C.I for the same of arms to Iran Diversion of funds for the Nicaraguan Contras Violate any laws Relation ship with the head of B.C.C.I-Agha Hasan Abedi Place Abedi on a watch list Unofficial B.C.C.I-CIA links The unofficial story of B.C.C.Is link to U.S. intelligence is extremely complicated. It is because the inability of investigators to find out that whether private persons belong with U.S. intelligence were plight actions or apparently under the sanction of a U.S. government agency, policy or operation (Watcher, 2009). In the 1970s and 1980s, according to Watcher, there have been cases of people with relate to U.S. intelligence involve in operations on their own benefits as well as for their own sake. However, it had no relate to any approved by U.S. government interest such as Edwin Wilsons illegal arms sales. There have been others case like retired General Richard Secords arms sales to Iran as well as to the contras in the Iran/Contra affair. According to Watcher again, it is hard to distinguish from Wilsons case, but for sure the fact is that the sales had actual secret permits and support from officials within the government. In the mid-1980s, sources indicate that B.C.C.I provides services not only to the CIA, moreover to intelligence agencies of some others countries. The latter to the Governor of the Bank of England stated as the following:- the B.C.C.I engage in helping people avoid tax Illegal transfers of money Hawala transfers- informal transfers system Off the record deposits Pipeline for drug and crime money Banker to intelligence agencies for most major agencies of the world. Kamal Adham: B.C.C.Is Godfather of Middle East Intelligence Image of Kamal Adham Bob Woodward said press accounts refer to Kamal Adham as the godfather of Middle East Intelligence stressed the closeness of his relate to CIA. He is the brother-in-law of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. He was the head of Saudi Intelligence and mainly on internal security as well as relations with external intelligence agencies. When Sadat- Nassers Vi ce President is having financial problems, Adham had responsibility for making payment to Sadat on behalf of the CIA. He was playing a major role in B.C.C.I. For instances:- He was the CIAs principal communicators for the entire Middle East for 19 years. He also the lead-front man for B.C.C.I in its takeover of First American bank. He was an important nominee shareholder in B.C.C.I. He remains one of key players in the B.C.C.I affair. According to Watcher, on July 1992, he had accomplished an agreement which is plea with the District Attorney of New York saying that he had been the front man of B.C.C.I in the U.S. In addition to that, he will provide full co-operation with the U.S law enforcement in B.C.C.Is case. According to Watcher, the relationship between CIA and Saudi intelligence service was good when Kamal Adham had been its head. Adhams historic relationship with United State intelligence was usually close. During Adham still a liaison of CIA, Raymond H. C lose- CIAs station chief for Saudi Arabia had choose to work for Adham after leaving the CIA. While Adham working with the Close, he has became the leader investor for Commerce and Credit American Holdings (CCAH) group taking over First American, officially on his own benefits, Watcher describe it. In fact, he acts as a nominee for B.C.C.I. At the mid-April of 1981, he personally appeared to the Federal Reserve to tell his personal background and wealth and of course he inform to them of his desire to be an investor. Indeed, he did not tell Federal Reserve about his background in Saudi Arabian intelligence, close ties to CIA and acted as liaison between the U.S and Anwar Sadat in helping negotiate the agreement which called Camp David Accords. Image of celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords. Start from left is Menachem begin, Jimmy Carter and Anwar El Sadat. In this Camp David Accords, Adham was encouraged other political figures not to reject Sadat for agreeing to peace with Israel. Although this attempt may have some objection in term of public statements by Gulf rulers but there are many Gulf rulers still provide support to Sadat due to they want to have a defendant from United State to defend their family in case there is a instabilities. It is because United State is Israels superpower sponsor. According to Watcher, Adham was at same time in business with a retired CIA station chief for the U.S. in negotiation for Camp David Accords and make the shareholder in the takeover of the largest bank on behalf of B.C.C.I. This had caused people in the U.S. and Saudi government to doubt whether he was truly retired. For the question about this, Adham said to the U.S. investigator they were unrelated. B.C.C.I purchase First American was not an exchange for Camp David Accords. He also said that his role in Camp David Accords and simultaneous takeover of Financial General were coincidence. Clark Clifford who was a highly influential Ameri can lawyer also believes what the Adham had said. Image of Clark Clifford Abdul Raouf Khalil Same as Kamal Adham, he was the B.C.C.I shareholder as well as front man from its creation. He also is a main nominee in B.C.C.Is underground takeover of First American (watcher, 2009). He also met with Federal Reserve and told them he feels to be a passive investor. Federal Reserve assumed him as a private Arab business because he did not tell them about his background like act as liaison to the U.S. and a keyman in Saudi Arabian intelligence. He told the Federal Reserve that he holds interests in real estate, mechanical and electrical maintenance projects as well as commodities. Other than that, he also involve in some business ventures with American and British manufactures. He do it is for the installation of electronic which include computer equipment in Saudi Arabia (Watcher, 2009). According to Watcher, Price Waterhouse audit said Khalil had no written communications wi th B.C.C.I from 1985 on. By the late of 1980s, B.C.C.I had used Khalil name as a nominee in transaction in Latin American, Caribbean and Europe while he still contact with CIA until well after B.C.C.Is closure. Former CIA Director Richard Helms and B.C.C.I Front Man Mohammed Irvani Except Adham and Khalil, Mohammed Rahim Motaghi Irvani also acted as B.C.C.Is chief front man in the earlier but before Adham acted as the lead for shareholder in the purchase of First American. He is the former B.C.C.Is front man and he wishes to takeover the First American but not success. He held 5 percent shareholder of CCAH. He was at the time the principal partner in Helms international consulting firm-Safeer as well as the chief financier of that firm (Watcher, 2009). Irvani had received Helms advice on how to protect from any liability and thus, there is a financial link between Helms and Irvani. According to Watcher, Irvani founded the Melli Industrial Group in Iran in 1949 where by it i s manufacture footwear and leather goods also developed close relationship to Shah of Irans government. During the time of the takeover of Financial General Bank in 1978, Melli Industrial Group owned many operating companies which amounted 23. Moreover, it also merging with others foreign firm. Irvani held interest in the Iran Arab Bank. According to Watcher, there is a friendship between Irvani and Helms in that period at Iran. After he was backed to U.S., he has been indicated for telling a lie before a Congressional committee concern CIA activity in Chile. He pleads no contest to the charge. Thus he was seeking for Clark Clifford for help. In order to help him, Clifford visited the top Justice Department to argue for that statement. He also emphasize such charge could destroy the U.S. intelligence communities. Unfortunately, it is no way out. It was definitely at this time that Irvani provided a vital lifetime to Helms through financing the Safeer Company (Watcher, 2009). A ccording to Safeer Company corporate records, 80 percent of Safeer was owned by Irvani. Furthermore, much of the business of this Safeer was deal by Roy Carlson. He is the Irvanis former chief U.S assistant. Carlson who was became the Vice President of Safeer and had close relate to B.C.C.I. Watcher mentioned that, Carlson served as a Naval officer in the Pacific. He had been joined the U.S. foreign service as well as was detailed to South Africa. He spent 20 year at there before moving to the Bank of America (BOA). Finally, he became the head of the banks operation. During that time, he had close contact to Abedi and advised him on the formation of B.C.C.I. Lastly, Abedi introduced him to Irvani. Thus Irvani employed him to be the head(manager) of the Melli group. After the revolution if Iranian, Carlson went to work with Richard Helms in Safeer. After Ghaith Pharoan purchase the National Bank of Georgia from Bert Lance, then, Abedi had selected Carlson to be the head of that bank. According to Watcher, Irvani had agreed to be the front man of B.C.C.I, that time Helms had promised to protect Irvani. He had protected him against all the possible liability. They will use his name as a shareholder by Abedi, B.C.C.I include Clifford law firm. Over a decade, Irvani, Calrson and Helms continue to interact among each other in B.C.C.I. Helms had introduced Irvani to various people which many are ambassador. Besides, he also introduce Irvanis son-Ali to others ambassador like Ambassador Paul Nitze. Others than Paul Nitze, he also introduced Ali to former CIA station chief-Raymond Close. Throughout the decade, B.C.C.I financed Irvani investment in U.K. and U.S. which amounted $38 million on buying the New York office building. Other than that, millions of dollars at a time had been given to Irvani family. They also indicated that the Irvanis had received massive loans from National Bank Georgia (Watcher, 2009). Closure of B.C.C.I How Fraud and I nternational Corporate Structure Delayed the Recognition of Insolvency Since the bank was founded in 1972, its financial statements were falsified. According to Herring, the escape had showed how effectively the complex international corporate structure it devised shielded it from scrutiny by external accountants and supervisor. At first, B.C.C.I adopted dual banking structure. The non bank holding company in Luxembourg (B.C.C.I Holdings SA) was under the protection of secrecy laws. It also owned two separate banks that were licensed and supervised in two separate jurisdictions which are B.C.C.I SA in Luxembourg and B.C.C.I Overseas in the Cayman Islands. As mention above, this two owned a very strict secrecy laws. Neither this two was the operational of B.C.C.I. Most of the decisions were made by Abedi. The dual banking structure makes the supervisory authority difficult to monitor the B.C.C.Is activities. The intelligence of B.C.C.I had hired separate auditing firm for ea ch bank. Luxembourg has the responsibility for exercising consolidated supervision over B.C.C.I given by Basel Concordat but it is no way out due to B.C.C.I had no banking business in Luxembourg. It is because B.C.C.I had conducted their banking business in others branches at others countries. Furthermore, Luxembourg had lacked of resources to monitor B.C.C.I worldwide operations. Although B.C.C.I largest branch network in England, but the Bank of England reject to accept the burden of supervising B.C.C.I. Well, the closure of the B.C.C.I due to three different pressures:- Luxembourg gave notice to B.C.C.I that it must leave Luxembourg within 12 months. After this, B.C.C.I had want to subsidies from Abu Dhabi, Cayman Islands and United Kingdom but none of this three host country was willing to take over responsibility for consolidated supervision of B.C.C.I. New York District Attorneys office, Congress and the Fed investigate concern to charges of money laundering, drug trafficking, wire fraud and the concealment of B.C.C.I control over First American, Independence Bank and the National Bank of Georgia (Herring, n.d). Due to the charges, B.C.C.I would impossible continue to operate. A draft of a report was delivered to the Bank of England on June, 1991. Reports describe that B.C.C.Is fraud which include:-[sources below taken from Herring, n.d] Falsification of accounting records External vehicles used to route fund transfer and park transaction The use of nominee and hold-harmless arrangements The creation of 70 companies to facilitate and disguise lending to the Gulf Group Collusion with third party bank to make loans to B.C.C.I customers Collusion with customer and give false confirmations to the auditors of fictitious Other than the above, there are some others else but cannot be exposed. How Fraud and the International Corporate Structure of B.C.C.I Complicated Resolution The closure of the bank was reached a littl e impact on financial market. It is because the authorities implemented the intervention and most of the market participants had cut lines to B.C.C.I. The Basel Committees review of the insolvency liquidation of B.C.C.I indentified four major conflicts in the national insolvency regimes (Herring, n.d). According to Herring, the regimes had complicated the liquidation of B.C.C.Is assets and reduced the amount that could distribute to creditors. The four conflicts were:- Different country may have different insolvency regimes for banks and branches. The United State follows a separate-entity doctrine whereas Luxembourg and United Kingdom follows a single-entity doctrine. Separate-entity doctrine- agency or branch of a foreign bank is treated as if were a separately incorporated legal entity for purposes of liquidation (Herring, n.d). Single-entity doctrine- bank and all of its foreign branches are treated as offices of a sing corporate entity (Herring, n.d.). These t wo approaches have differing implication on market discipline and it may undermine incentives for creditors. Different countries have different liquidation procedures. In U.S., the general insolvency law does not apply to bank while in U.K. the same liquidation laws apply to banks as to other commercial entities. In Luxembourg, the court will depend on the case. For this conflict, it can reduce the amount available to distribute to all creditors. Right of set-off differs across bankruptcy regimes (Herring, n.d). According to Herring, U.S. exercised right of set-off with regard to claims denominated in the same currency with regard to the same branch. For U.K, the claims may not be dominated in the same currency and on the same branch. For Luxembourg, the right of set-off exercised only before a liquidation order when the claims are fixed in amount. Another wildcard in the international bankruptcy deck that can trump normal insolvency procedures. B.C.C.I was prosecuted under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). The RICO prosecution might have intensified the worldwide scramble for assets but the U.S. Attorney General negotiated an unusual plea agreement, which forged an alliance with the court appointed liquidators (Herring, n.d). According to Herring, the alliance was opposed by competing liquidators branches elsewhere of the world. Others creditors will hope to secure preferential access to B.C.C.Is assets in the U.S. RICO had used about 8 years to resolve the massive fraud. RICO had also charges against the sovereigns of Abu Dhabi as well as 6 individuals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The corruption inside the BCCI Bank" essay for you Create order

Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations Essay - 3033 Words

The pivotal second chapter of Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, quot;Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour,quot; opens with the oft-cited claim that the foundation of modern political economy is the human quot;propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.quot;1 This formulation plays both an analytical and normative role. It offers an anthropological microfoundation for Smiths understanding of how modern commercial societies function as social organizations, which, in turn, provide a venue for the expression and operation of these human proclivities. Together with the equally famous concept of the invisible hand, this sentence defines the central axis of a new science of political economy†¦show more content†¦Additionally, with this emphasis on spontaneous coordination, Smith pointed to the possibility of a social order in which people live in harmony together with a minimum need of a central, coercive apparatus. He captured the cent ral intuition of classical economists according to which modern commercial society, notwithstanding its conflicts, obeys a kind of pre-established order, and enjoys the advantage of a mechanism, the market, which maintains equilibria by continually adjusting competing interests. Over time, this powerful theoretical proposition has become a legitimating cornerstone for the robust defense of market capitalism, a particular ensemble of political institutions, and a specific line of justification for liberal ideas and values. Though manifestly plausible as an accurate reading of Smith when Wealth of Nations is read on its own, even on these terms, this interpretation, is limited and partial. Astonishingly, and disappointingly, most readers of Wealth of Nations fail to attend the very next sentence that follows Smiths seemingly transhistorical, objectivist theory of human dispositions, mindful of Mandevilles classical representation of human egoism. 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Basic Argument for Fatalism Free Essays

Metaphysics The â€Å"Basic† Argument for Theological Fatalism Fatalism Fatalism is the view that everything that happens in entirely unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable, none of our actions are genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Richard Taylor on what the fatalist believes [â€Å"Fate† from Metaphysics, 4th Ed (Pearson, 1991)]: â€Å"A fatalist is someone who believes that whatever happens is and always was unavoidable. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Argument for Fatalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thinks it is not up to him what will happen a thousand years hence, next year, tomorrow, or the very next moment. † (52) â€Å"A fatalist thinks of the future in the way we all think of the past, for everyone is a fatalist as he looks back on things. † (52) We all think of the past â€Å"as something settled and fixed, to be taken for what it is. We are never in the least tempted to try to modify it. It is not in the least up to us what happened last year, yesterday, or even a moment ago, any more than are the motions of the heaves or the political developments in Tibet. We say of past things that they are no longer within our power. The fatalist says they never were. † (52-53) Theological Fatalism According to the main versions of Western Monotheism (e. g. traditional Christianity), God is omniscient. To be omniscient is to have (in some important sense) unlimited knowledge. It’s hard to say what this amounts to, but let’s use the following defin ition (since it’s common) x is omniscient = for x knows every true proposition and x does not believe any false propositions. Many people think that omniscience is incompatible with human freedom, because it implies the doctrine of theological fatalism. Theological fatalism is the view that all human actions are unavoidable (and we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do) because God has exhaustive foreknowledge of all future human actions. Here is an important statement of the argument for theological fatalism from Augustine (On Free Choice of the Will, Book III) I very much wonder how God can have foreknowledge of everything in the future, and yet we do not sin by necessity. It would be an irreligious and completely insane attack on God’s foreknowledge to say that something could happen otherwise than as God foreknew †¦ Since God foreknew that [Adam] was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen. How, then, is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? Surely this is the problem †¦ How is it that these two propositions are not contradictory and inconsistent: (1) God has foreknowledge of everything in the future; and (2) We sin by the will, not by necessity? For, you say, if God foreknows that someone is going to sin, then it is necessary that he sin. But if it is necessary, the will has no choice about whether to sin; there is an inescapable and fixed necessity. And so you fear that this argument forces us into one of two positions: either we draw the heretical conclusion that God does not foreknow everything in the future; or, if we cannot accept this conclusion, we must admit that sin happens by necessity and not by will. The Basic Argument for Theological Fatalism Where S stands for any person whatsoever and A stands for any action, Augustine’s argument can be stated as: 1. For any person, S, and an action, A, that S performs, God knew in advance that S will do A. 2. If God knows in advance that S will do A, then it necessary that S will do A. 3. Therefore, it is necessary that S will do A. 4. If it is necessary that S will do A, then S is not free to refrain from performing A. 5. If S is not free to refrain from performing A, then S does not freely perform A. 6. Therefore, no person ever acts freely. Evaluating the argument Premise 2 is ambiguous †¢P2a: Necessarily, If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A (De Dicto) †¢P2b: If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A (De Re) P2a is true but the resulting argument is invalid P2a is true. It says that the proposition â€Å"if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A† is necessarily true and this just means that it is impossible for God to know in advance that, for example, I will raise my arm at some time and I fail to raise my arm at that time. We can put this by saying that God’s knowing in advance that I will raise my arm at some time logically entails that I will raise my arm at that time. P2a is a way of expressing this truth. The resulting argument is invalid. Using P2a as the key premise, the argument is: 1. Necessarily, if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily, S will perform A. But this argument is invalid (the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises). We can show this by means of a counterexample (an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion). The form of this argument is: 1. Necessarily, If p, then p. 2. P 3. Therefore, necessarily q. To see that the argument is invalid, use the following substitutions: p = K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, q = K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. . Necessarily, If K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, then K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. 2. K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs 3. Therefore, necessarily K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. The premises of this argument are true but the conclusion is obviously false (I could go on a diet and successfully lose some weight). I weigh over 199lbs but not essentially. I could weigh less than 199lbs and, i n fact, I did weigh less than 199lbs at one point. All that follows from the first two premises is that, in fact, I in fact weight more than 199lbs. It doesn’t follow that it is impossible for me to weigh less than 199lbs. Just in case you are not convinced, here is a second counterexample (Plantinga’s) 1. Necessarily, if I know that George Clooney is a bachelor, then George Clooney is a bachelor. 2. I know that George Clooney is a bachelor. 3. Therefore, it is necessarily true that George Clooney is a bachelor Again, the premises are true but the conclusion is false. George Clooney is a bachelor but he is not essentially a bachelor. He could get married, he just chooses not to. All that follows from the first two premises is that George Clooney is in fact a bachelor (not that he is essentially a bachelor). P2b renders the argument valid but it is obviously false 1. If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily S will perform A. This argument is valid (it’s just modus ponens) and so if the premises were true then conclusion would be true as well. But P2b is false. Given the de re reading of P2b, it says that whatever propositions God knows are necessarily true or, to put the point in terms of properties, if God knows that some object has a property then the object has that property essentially. Taken in this way, P2b is obviously false (nor does it follow from omniscience). Since the basic argument has to rely on either P2a or P2b, the argument is either invalid or relies on a false premise. Either way it’s unsound. Here is a way of thinking about this criticism of the argument. From the fact that God knows that Paul will mow his yard on July 7, 2015 it follows that, on July 7 2015, Paul mows his yard and that he does not refrain from mowing his yard on that day. But, it does not follow that it is metaphysically impossible for Paul to refrain from mowing his yard that day (that Paul does not refrain from mowing and it is impossible that Paul refrain from mowing are two very different things). All that follows from the fact that God knows in advance that Paul will mow is that Paul will not exercise his power to refrain not that he lacks the power the power to refrain. The basic argument for theological fatalism needs the later inference, but that inference is not a good one. Thus, the basic argument fails. How to cite Basic Argument for Fatalism, Essay examples